| Amendments | Important Features |
| 1st Amendment Act, 1951 | Added Articles 31A and 31B.Ninth Schedule included to protect the land reforms and other laws in it from the judicial review.Abolition of ZamindariThe state was empowered to make special provisions for the development of socially and economically backward classes. |
| 7th Amendment) Act, 1956 | Implementation of the State Reorganisation Act. Amended 2nd and 7th Schedules of the constitution. |
| 10th Amendment Act, 1961 | Nagaland was given status of state and special provisions were made for it. |
| 24th Amendment Act, 1971 | Amendment of Article 13 and 368 related to the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof.The parliament was given the power to amend Fundamental Rights. |
| 25th Amendment Act, 1971 | Article 31C added to the Constitution related to the relationship between Directive Principles of state Policy and Fundamental Rights.Article 31C conferred primacy of Articles 39(b) and 39(c) over Articles 14, 19 and 31. |
| 26th Amendment Act, 1971 | Privy purses and privileges given to Princely rulers were abolished. |
| 34th Amendment Act, 1974 | Land ceiling and land tenure reforms were added to the 9th Schedule of the Constitution. |
| 38th Amendment Act, 1975 | Emergency and Promulgation of Ordinances declared by the President was considered as non-justiciable.The President was empowered to declare different proclamations of national emergency on different grounds simultaneously. |
| 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Mini Constitution) | Preamble-‘Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic’ were added to the Preamble.Parliament and State Legislatures: The term of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies extended to 6 years.Executive: President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers in the discharge of his functions under Article 74.Judiciary:Article 32A- denied the Supreme Court the power to consider the Constitutional validity of the State law.Article 131A- granted the Supreme Court an exclusive jurisdiction to determine Constitutional validity of a central law.Article 144A- the minimum number of judges of the Supreme Court required to decide the Constitutional validity of a Central or State law was fixed to at least 7 and this required two-thirds majority of the judges to declare law as unconstitutional.Several restrictions were imposed on the High Court’s power to issue writs ‘for any other purpose’.Federalism: Article 257A- enabled the Centre to deploy any armed force of the Union to tackle any grave situation of law and order in any State.Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles: Primacy was given to all Directive Principles over the Fundamental Rights contained in Articles 14, 19 or 31.Fundamental Duties: Article 51-A under Part IV-A prescribed the Fundamental Duties to the citizens.Emergency: The President was authorised to proclaim an emergency in any part of the country. |
| 44th Amendment Act, 1978 | Term of Lok sabha and State Legislative assemblies was restored to 5 years.Deletion of 39th Amendment that deprived the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning election of the President and the Vice-PresidentArticle 74(1)- the council of ministers shall be required to reconsider advice to the President and the President should act in accordance with the advice after such reconsideration.Article 257A was removed.Right to Property declared as a Fundamental Right and given the status of a legal right. |
| 51st Amendment Act, 1984 | Provision of reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya. |
| 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 | Prevent defection of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures from one political party to another. |
| 61st Amendment Act, 1989 | Reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly election. |
| 65th Amendment Act, 1990 | Amended Article 338 of the Constitution for inclusion of a National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. |
| 69th Amendment Act, 1991 | Made Delhi as ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi’ along with provision of a 70 member assembly and a 7 member Council of Ministers for Delhi. |
| 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 | Panchayati Raj Institutions were included under the Eleventh Schedule that enumerated the powers and functions of Panchayati Raj Institutions.Provisions for a three-tier model of Panchayati Raj, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women were granted. |
| 74th Amendment Act, 1992 | Constitutional status given to Urban Local Bodies under the Twelfth schedule enumerating the powers and functions of urban local bodies. |
| 76th Amendment Act, 1994 | Increase in the reservation quota of government jobs and seats for admission in the educational institutions for the socially and educationally backward classes to 69 per cent in Tamil Nadu. |
| 77th Amendment Act, 1995 | Empowered the State to make any provisions for reservation in promotions in Government jobs in favour of SCs and STs. |
| 80th Amendment Act, 2000 | An alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the State was enacted. |
| 85th Amendment Act, 2001 | Provision for seniority in the case of promotion for Government servants belonging to the SC and ST category. |
| 86th Amendment Act, 2002 | Under Article 21A, included the Right to free and compulsory education as a fundamental right for the children belonging to groups of 6 to 14 years. |
| 91st Amendment Act, 2003 | Limited the size of the Council of Ministers at the Center and in the States. |
| 93rd Amendment Act, 2005 | Reservation for the socially and educationally backward classes in private unaided educational institutions. |
| 97th Amendment Act, 2012 | Part III- “Cooperative Societies” was added.Under part IV, the creation of Cooperative societies was encouraged. |
| 99th Amendment Act, 2014 | The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was established by the Union government of India. |
| 100th Amendment) Act, 2015 | Ratification of the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh.In accordance with the 1974 bilateral Land Boundary Agreement, amendment was made in the first schedule of the constitution to exchange the disputed territories occupied by both the nations. |
| 101st Amendment Act, 2017 | Introduction to Goods and Service Tax. |
| 102nd Amendment Act, 2018 | Provided constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes. |
| 103rd Amendment Act, 2019 | Under Article 15, a maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes. |
| 104th Amendment Act, 2020 | Extension of deadline for the cessation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies to 80 years.Removal of the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. |
Posted inIndian Polity
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
